Indeed, a basic premise for rhetoric is the indivisibility of means from meaning; how one says something conveys meaning as much as what one says. Rhetoric studies the effectiveness of language comprehensively, including its emotional impact (see pathos), as much as its propositional content ( see logos).
a speaker or writer takes into account the contingencies of a given place and time, and considers the opportunities within this specific context for words to be effective and appropriate to that moment. As such, this concept is tightly linked to considerations of audience (the most significant variable in a communicative context) and to decorum (the principle of apt speech)
logos
The appeal to reason.
pathos
The appeal to emotion.
ethos
The persuasive appeal of one's character.
In the exordium or introduction, it is necessary for one to establish his or her own authority. Therefore, one employs ethical appeals (see ethos). In the next four parts of the oration (statement of facts, division, proof, and refutation), one chiefly employs logical arguments (see logos). In the conclusion, one finishes up by employing emotional appeals (see pathos).
************Logos strategies*********
A chain of claims and reasons which build upon one another. Concatenated enthymemes.
The use of a remark or an image which calls upon the audience to draw an obvious conclusion.
A figure of reasoning by which one attributes a cause for a statement or claim made.
A figure of reasoning in which one asks and then immediately answers one's own questions.
The rejection of several reasons why a thing should or should not be done and affirming a single one, considered most valid.
Juxtaposing two opposing statements in such a way as to prove the one from the other.
After enumerating all possibilities by which something could have occurred, the speaker eliminates all but one.
When, in conclusion, a justifying reason is provided.
Providing a reason for each division of a statement, the reasons usually following the statement in parallel fashion.
Admitting a weaker point in order to make a stronger one.
A figure by which one balances one statement with a contrary, qualifying statement
Dwelling on or returning to one's strongest argument.
*****************Pathos strategies*****************
An exclamation proceeding from deep indignation.
Breaking off suddenly in the middle of speaking, usually to portray being overcome with emotion.
Threatening/prophecying payback for ill doing.
The vehement expression of desire put in terms of "for someone's sake" or "for God's sake."
Vivid description, especially of the consequences of an act, that stirs up its hearers. (See enargia, below)
An emotional exclamation.
Energia, the vigor with which one expresses oneself, can obviously be emotionally affecting.
Amending a first thought by altering it to make it stronger or more vehement.
Persistent repetition of the same plea in much the same words, a direct method for underscoring the pathetic appeal.
Asking questions in order to chide, to express grief, or to inveigh.
Stirring others by one's own vehement feeling.
Using direct address to reprove someone before an audience openly.
Expressing joy for blessings obtained or an evil avoided.
A threat against someone, or something.
The use of several synonyms together to amplify or explain a given subject or term. A kind of repetition that adds force.
*************Ethos strategies *************
Figures used to establish credibility (ethos)
Calling to memory past matters. More specifically, citing a past author from memory. helps to establish ethos, since it conveys the idea that the speaker is knowledgeable of the received wisdom from the past.
Deliberate understatement, especially when expressing a thought by denying its opposite.
Employing an anecdote which relates a saying or deed of someone well known.
| Name: | Aisha Williams |
| Email: | aisha.at.parsons.dot.edu |
| Thesis Title: | The Islamagoods |
